Lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method using acidic liquid

ABSTRACT

A lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method is provided in which exposure is carried out by projecting through a liquid having a pH of less than 7, the liquid being in contact with a substrate to be exposed. The liquid advantageously comprises an anti-reflective topcoat.

The present invention claims priority of European patent application no. EP 03253420.8 filed May 30, 2003, the contents of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a lithographic projection apparatus and device manufacturing method.

BACKGROUND

The term “patterning device” as here employed should be broadly interpreted as referring to any device that can be used to endow an incoming radiation beam with a patterned cross-section, corresponding to a pattern that is to be created in a target portion of the substrate; the term “light valve” can also be used in this context. Generally, the pattern will correspond to a particular functional layer in a device being created in the target portion, such as an integrated circuit or other device (see below). Examples of such a patterning device include:

A mask. The concept of a mask is well known in lithography, and it includes mask types such as binary, alternating phase-shift, and attenuated phase-shift, as well as various hybrid mask types. Placement of such a mask in the radiation beam causes selective transmission (in the case of a transmissive mask) or reflection (in the case of a reflective mask) of the radiation impinging on the mask, according to the pattern on the mask. In the case of a mask, the support structure will generally be a mask table, which ensures that the mask can be held at a desired position in the incoming radiation beam, and that it can be moved relative to the beam if so desired.

A programmable mirror array. One example of such a device is a matrix-addressable surface having a viscoelastic control layer and a reflective surface. The basic principle behind such an apparatus is that (for example) addressed areas of the reflective surface reflect incident light as diffracted light, whereas unaddressed areas reflect incident light as undiffracted light. Using an appropriate filter, the undiffracted light can be filtered out of the reflected beam, leaving only the diffracted light behind; in this manner, the beam becomes patterned according to the addressing pattern of the matrix-addressable surface. An alternative embodiment of a programmable mirror array employs a matrix arrangement of tiny mirrors, each of which can be individually tilted about an axis by applying a suitable localized electric field, or by employing piezoelectric actuator. Once again, the mirrors are matrix-addressable, such that addressed mirrors will reflect an incoming radiation beam in a different direction to unaddressed mirrors; in this manner, the reflected beam is patterned according to the addressing pattern of the matrix-addressable mirrors. The matrix addressing can be performed using suitable electronics. In both of the situations described hereabove, the patterning device can comprise one or more programmable mirror arrays. More information on mirror arrays as here referred to can be gleaned, for example, from United States patents U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,891 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,193, and PCT patent applications WO 98/38597 and WO 98/33096, which are incorporated herein by reference. In the case of a programmable mirror array, the support structure may be embodied as a frame or table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as needed;

A programmable LCD array. An example of such a construction is given in United States patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,872, which is incorporated herein by reference. As above, the support structure in this case may be embodied as a frame or table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as needed.

For purposes of simplicity, the rest of this text may, at certain locations, specifically direct itself to examples involving a mask and mask table; however, the general principles discussed in such instances should be seen in the broader context of the patterning devices as hereinabove set forth.

Lithographic projection apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In such a case, the patterning device may generate a circuit pattern corresponding to an individual layer of the IC, and this pattern can be imaged onto a target portion (e.g. comprising one or more dies) on a substrate (silicon wafer) that has been coated with a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). In general, a single wafer will contain a whole network of adjacent target portions that are successively irradiated via the projection system, one at a time. In current apparatus, employing patterning by a mask on a mask table, a distinction can be made between two different types of machine. In one type of lithographic projection apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by exposing the entire mask pattern onto the target portion at one time; such an apparatus is commonly referred to as a stepper. In an alternative apparatus—commonly referred to as a step-and-scan apparatus—each target portion is irradiated by progressively scanning the mask pattern under the projection beam in a given reference direction (the “scanning” direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate table parallel or anti-parallel to this direction; since, in general, the projection system will have a magnification factor M (generally <1), the speed V at which the substrate table is scanned will be a factor M times that at which the mask table is scanned. More information with regard to lithographic apparatus as here described can be gleaned, for example, from United States patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,792, incorporated herein by reference.

In a manufacturing process using a lithographic projection apparatus, a pattern (e.g. in a mask) is imaged onto a substrate that is at least partially covered by a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). Prior to this imaging step, the substrate may undergo various procedures, such as priming, resist coating and a soft bake. After exposure, the substrate may be subjected to other procedures, such as a post-exposure bake (PEB), development, a hard bake and measurement/inspection of the imaged features. This array of procedures is used as a basis to pattern an individual layer of a device, e.g. an IC. Such a patterned layer may then undergo various processes such as etching, ion-implantation (doping), metallization, oxidation, chemo-mechanical polishing, etc., all intended to finish off an individual layer. If several layers are needed, then the whole procedure, or a variant thereof, will have to be repeated for each new layer. Eventually, an array of devices will be present on the substrate (wafer). These devices are then separated from one another by a technique such as dicing or sawing, whence the individual devices can be mounted on a carrier, connected to pins, etc. Further information regarding such processes can be obtained, for example, from the book “Microchip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processing”, Third Edition, by Peter van Zant, McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1997, ISBN 0-07-067250-4, incorporated herein by reference.

For the sake of simplicity, the projection system may hereinafter be referred to as the “projection lens”; however, this term should be broadly interpreted as encompassing various types of projection system, including refractive optics, reflective optics, and catadioptric systems, for example. The radiation system may also include components operating according to any of these design types for directing, shaping or controlling the projection beam of radiation. Further, the lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two or more substrate tables (and/or two or more mask tables). In such “multiple stage” devices the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposure. Dual stage lithographic apparatus are described, for example, in United States patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,441 and PCT patent application publication WO 98/40791, incorporated herein by reference.

In order to reduce the size of features that can be imaged on a substrate, it has previously been proposed that the substrate be immersed in a liquid having a relatively high refractive index, e.g. water. The immersion liquid typically fills a space between the final element of the projection system and the substrate, such that the exposure radiation in this region will have a shorter wavelength. (The effect of the liquid may also be regarded as increasing the effective NA of the system).

However, submersing the substrate or substrate and substrate table in a bath of liquid (see for example United States patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,509,852, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference) means that there is a large body of liquid to be accelerated during a scanning exposure. This requires additional or more powerful motors and turbulence in the liquid may lead to undesirable and unpredictable effects.

One of the solutions proposed is for a liquid supply system to provide liquid in a localized area between the final element of the projection system and the substrate (the substrate generally has a larger surface area than the final element of the projection system). One way which has been proposed to arrange for this is disclosed in PCT patent application publication WO 99/49504, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, liquid is supplied by at least one outlet OUT onto the substrate, preferably along the direction of movement of the final element relative to the substrate, and is removed by at least one inlet IN after having passed under the projection system. That is, as the substrate is scanned beneath the element in a −X direction, liquid is supplied at the +X side of the element and taken up at the −X side. FIG. 3 shows the arrangement schematically in which liquid is supplied via outlet OUT and is taken up on the other side of the element by inlet IN which is connected to a low pressure source. In the illustration of FIG. 3 the liquid is supplied along the direction of movement of the final element relative to the substrate, though this does not need to be the case. Various orientations and numbers of in- and out-lets positioned around the final element are possible, one example is illustrated in FIG. 4 in which four sets of an inlet with an outlet on either side are provided in a regular pattern around the final element.

SUMMARY

In all of these systems, however, the immersion of all or part of a surface of the substrate during exposure may lead to dissolution of the chemically amplified resist which is typically used on a surface of the substrate. This may cause degradation in an upper layer of the resist. Furthermore, the uneven nature of the resist after degradation may bring about the occurrence of T-topping during development. The developer is able to dissolve the underneath areas of the resist that have not been degraded during immersion, but the degraded areas at the surface cannot be developed uniformly. This may lead to the formation of an undesirable mushroom shape in the developed area.

Accordingly, it may be advantageous, for example, to provide a lithographic projection apparatus in which exposure takes place while at least part of a substrate surface is immersed, but which reduces or avoids degradation of the resist present on that part of the substrate surface.

According to an embodiment of the invention, there is provided a lithographic projection apparatus comprising:

an illuminator arranged to condition a beam of radiation;

a support structure configured to hold a patterning device, the patterning device capable of imparting a pattern to the beam;

a substrate table configured to hold a substrate;

a projection system arranged to project the patterned beam onto a target portion of the substrate; and

a liquid supply system configured to provide a liquid to a space between the projection system and the substrate, the liquid being an aqueous solution having a pH of less than 7.

The acidic nature of the liquid may significantly reduce the degradation effects which are a problem with prior art immersion lithography systems. This is because the photo-acids that are produced as a result of exposure, are significantly less soluble in acidic aqueous solutions than they are in water or other neutral species. The immersion liquid, according to an embodiment, therefore may decrease dissolution of the surface layers of the resist. T-topping may also be reduced.

The liquid, according to an embodiment, comprises topcoat, for example anti-reflective topcoat. Anti-reflective topcoat is acidic and therefore its addition to the immersion liquid can generate the desired low pH. The use of topcoat also has an advantage that when the substrate is withdrawn from a position where a part of the substrate surface is immersed in the immersion liquid, a thin film of topcoat remains on the substrate surface. The presence of the topcoat protects the substrate surface from further degradation by chemicals in the environment. In particular, reaction with amines is substantially prevented, thereby further reducing T-topping. Thus, the use of an anti-reflective topcoat solution in the liquid may obviate removing amines from the atmosphere in which the exposed substrate is placed. Charcoal filters, for example, may no longer be necessary.

In an embodiment, the liquid supply system comprises a liquid removal device configured to remove the liquid from a surface of the substrate and to leave on the surface of the substrate a film of the liquid. In an embodiment, the film has a thickness in the order of 1 μm or less. A film may assist in preventing or reducing contamination of the exposed substrate by providing a barrier, in the form of the film of liquid, between the sensitive substrate surface and the atmosphere. Particular advantages are obtained when the liquid contains topcoat as mentioned above.

According to a further aspect, there is provided a device manufacturing method comprising projecting a patterned beam of radiation, through a liquid comprising an aqueous solution having a pH of less than 7, onto a target portion of a substrate.

Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of the apparatus according to the invention in the manufacture of ICs, it should be explicitly understood that such an apparatus has many other possible applications. For example, it may be employed in the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, liquid-crystal display panels, thin-film magnetic heads, etc. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms “reticle”, “wafer” or “die” in this text should be considered as being replaced by the more general terms “mask”, “substrate” and “target portion”, respectively.

In the present document, the terms “radiation” and “beam” are used to encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet radiation (e.g. with a wavelength of 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm) and EUV (extreme ultra-violet radiation, e.g. having a wavelength in the range 5-20 nm), as well as particle beams, such as ion beams or electron beams.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a lithographic projection apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 depicts a liquid supply system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 depicts an alternative liquid supply system; and

FIG. 4 depicts an example of the orientations of inlets and outlets of the liquid supply system of FIG. 3.

In the Figures, corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 schematically depicts a lithographic projection apparatus according to a particular embodiment of the invention. The apparatus comprises a radiation system Ex, IL, for supplying a projection beam PB of radiation (e.g. DUV radiation), which in this particular case also comprises a radiation source LA; a first object table (mask table) MT provided with a mask holder for holding a patterning device, illustrated in the form of the mask MA (e.g. a reticle), and connected to a first positioner for accurately positioning the mask with respect to item PL; a second object table (substrate table) WT provided with a substrate holder for holding a substrate W (e.g. a resist-coated silicon wafer), and connected to a second positioner for accurately positioning the substrate with respect to item PL; a projection system PL (e.g. a refractive lens system) for imaging an irradiated portion of the mask MA onto a target portion C (e.g. comprising one or more dies) of the substrate W.

As here depicted, the apparatus is of a transmissive type (e.g. has a transmissive mask). However, in general, it may also be of a reflective type, for example (e.g. with a reflective mask). Alternatively, the apparatus may employ another kind of patterning device, such as a programmable mirror array of a type as referred to above.

The source LA (e.g. an excimer laser) produces a beam of radiation. This beam is fed into an illumination system (illuminator) IL, either directly or after having traversed conditioning means, such as a beam expander Ex, for example. The illuminator IL may comprise adjusting means AM for setting the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in the beam. In addition, it will generally comprise various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. In this way, the beam PB impinging on the mask MA has a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.

It should be noted with regard to FIG. 1 that the source LA may be within the housing of the lithographic projection apparatus (as is often the case when the source LA is a mercury lamp, for example), but that it may also be remote from the lithographic projection apparatus, the radiation beam which it produces being led into the apparatus (e.g. with the aid of suitable directing mirrors); this latter scenario is often the case when the source LA is an excimer laser. The current invention and claims encompass at least both of these scenarios.

The beam PB subsequently intercepts the mask MA, which is held on a mask table MT. Having traversed by the mask MA, the beam PB passes through the projection system PL, which focuses the beam PB onto a target portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the second positioner (and interferometric measuring device IF), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different target portions C in the path of the beam PB. Similarly, the first positioner can be used to accurately position the mask MA with respect to the path of the beam PB, e.g. after mechanical retrieval of the mask MA from a mask library, or during a scan. In general, movement of the object tables MT, WT will be realized with the aid of a long-stroke module (coarse positioning) and a short-stroke module (fine positioning), which are not explicitly depicted in FIG. 1.

However, in the case of a stepper (as opposed to a step-and-scan apparatus) the mask table MT may just be connected to a short stroke actuator, or may be fixed.

The depicted apparatus can be used in two different modes:

In step mode, the mask table MT is kept essentially stationary, and an entire mask image is projected at one time (i.e. a single “flash”) onto a target portion C. The substrate table WT is then shifted in the X and/or Y directions so that a different target portion C can be irradiated by the beam PB;

In scan mode, essentially the same scenario applies, except that a given target portion C is not exposed in a single “flash”. Instead, the mask table MT is movable in a given direction (the so-called “scan direction”, e.g. the Y direction) with a speed ν, so that the projection beam PB is caused to scan over a mask image; concurrently, the substrate table WT is simultaneously moved in the same or opposite direction at a speed V=Mν, in which M is the magnification of the projection system PL (typically, M=¼ or ⅕). In this manner, a relatively large target portion C can be exposed, without having to compromise on resolution.

Another immersion lithography is to provide the liquid supply system with a seal member which extends along at least a part of a boundary of the space between the final element of the projection system and the substrate table. The seal member is substantially stationary relative to the projection system in the XY plane and a seal is formed between the seal member and the surface of the substrate. In an implementation, the seal is a contactless seal such as a gas seal.

FIG. 2 depicts a liquid reservoir 10 between the projection system and the substrate stage according to an embodiment of the invention. The liquid reservoir 10 comprises a liquid 11 having a relatively high refractive index, provided via inlet/outlet ducts 13. A liquid source containing the liquid is typically provided which is used to fill the reservoir via inlet ducts 13. The liquid has the effect that the radiation of the projection beam has a shorter wavelength in the liquid than in air or a vacuum, allowing smaller features to be resolved. It is well known that the resolution limit of a projection system is determined, inter alia, by the wavelength of the projection beam and the numerical aperture of the system. The presence of the liquid may also be regarded as increasing the effective numerical aperture. Furthermore, at fixed numerical aperture, the liquid is effective to increase the depth of field.

FIGS. 3 and 4 depict the liquid supply system of an alternative embodiment of the invention. The details of this system have been discussed further above.

The liquid used in an embodiment of the present invention is an aqueous solution having a pH of less than 7, i.e. the liquid is acidic. A suitable pH is 6.5 or less, for example 6 or less, 5 or less or even 4 or less. In an embodiment, homogeneous liquids are used to ensure that the acidity is present throughout the liquid and therefore that the entire applicable surface of the substrate is in contact with acidic solution. The liquid should also be stable when irradiated at the wavelength used for the projection beam. Typically, the liquid should be stable when irradiated at one or more commonly used wavelengths, for example 193 nm and 248 nm.

The addition of a solute can affect the transmissivity and refractive index of the liquid. The concentration of the solute should therefore be kept to a suitable level, to ensure that transmissivity at the wavelength used for the projection beam is maximized and so that a minimum effect is seen on the refractive index. In an embodiment, the liquid has a high transmissivity at one or more commonly used wavelengths, for example 193 nm and 248 nm. Further, the concentration of solute is, in an embodiment, such that the refractive index of the liquid is not altered substantially. The solute concentration may vary depending on the solute used. However, examples of suitable solutions have a water content of at least 90 wt %, for example at least 95 wt % or at least 99 wt %.

In an embodiment of the invention, the liquid is an aqueous topcoat solution, for example an anti-reflective topcoat solution. Anti-reflective topcoats are well known in the art and are available commercially. Examples include the anti-reflective topcoat solutions AZ AQUATAR and JSR NFC540 which can be obtained from Clariant (Japan) K.K. and JSR respectively. These topcoat solutions typically comprise greater than 90 wt % water. However, in order to improve transmissivity, the solutions are typically further diluted. For example, the solution AZ AQUATAR-6 may be diluted in a ratio of about 1:10 (topcoat solution:water).

An example of an active ingredient of an anti-reflective topcoat solution is a fluoroalkylsulfonic acid. Suitable liquids for use as the immersion liquid according to an embodiment of the present invention include aqueous solutions comprising one or more fluoroalkylsulfonic acids optionally together with or substituted by one or more fluoroalkylsulfonic acid salts.

The acidic nature of anti-reflective topcoats provides the liquid with the desired acidity and thus reduces degradation of the resist. An anti-reflective topcoat solution, or a fluoroalkylsulfonic acid is therefore useful as an acidity regulator in a liquid for use in an embodiment of the method of the present invention.

A liquid supply system for use in an embodiment of the present invention is that depicted in FIG. 2. The reservoir 10 forms a contactless seal to the substrate around the image field of the projection system so that liquid is confined to a space between the substrate surface and the final element of the projection system. The reservoir is formed by a seal member 12 positioned below and surrounding the final element of the projection system PL. Liquid is brought into the space below the projection system and within the seal member 12. The seal member 12 extends a little above the final element of the projection system and the liquid level rises above the final element so that a buffer of liquid is provided. The seal member 12 has an inner periphery that at the upper end closely conforms to the step of the projection system or the final element thereof and may, e.g., be round. At the bottom, the inner periphery closely conforms to the shape of the image field, e.g., rectangular though this need not be the case.

The liquid is confined in the reservoir by a gas seal 16 between the bottom of the seal member 12 and the surface of the substrate W. The gas seal is formed by gas, e.g. air or synthetic air or N₂ or another inert gas, provided under pressure via inlet 15 to the gap between seal member 12 and substrate and extracted via outlet 14. The overpressure on the gas inlet 15, vacuum level on the outlet 14 and geometry of the gap are arranged so that there is a high-velocity gas flow inwards that confines the liquid.

The gas outlet system can also be used to remove the liquid from the system, thus acting as a liquid removal device. This is achieved by reducing the gas inlet pressure and allowing the liquid to be sucked out by the vacuum system, which can easily be arranged to handle the liquid, as well as the gas used to form the seal. In this way, the gas outlet system can be used to remove excess liquid from the substrate surface after exposure. The substrate W is taken out of the system and, as the substrate passes gas outlet 14, liquid is removed by the vacuum system. Advantageously, the gas outlet system is configured to leave on the surface of the substrate a film of liquid. This film should be thin, for example in the order of 1 μm or less, or 60 nm or less. A controller 20 is, in an embodiment, provided to control the thickness of the film left on the substrate surface, for example by controlling the vacuum applied at gas outlet 14.

Another embodiment of the invention employs the liquid supply system depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4. In this embodiment, at least one inlet IN typically acts as the liquid removal device. Thus, as the substrate is extracted from the system, at least one inlet IN takes up any excess liquid remaining on the substrate surface. If desired, the inlet(s) may be adapted of liquid on the surface of the substrate. This film should be thin, for example in the order of 1 μm or less, or 60 nm or less. A controller may be provided to control the thickness of the film left on the substrate surface, for example by controlling a vacuum or low pressure source connected to the inlet(s) IN.

While a film of liquid is desirably left on the surface of the substrate, it is not necessary to leave liquid on the surface of an alignment mark or system when exposure is, or has been, carried out. Thus, the controller provided to control the thickness of the film can be configured as necessary (for example by increasing the vacuum) to remove all liquid from the surface of the alignment mark or system after exposure.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as described. The description is not intended to limit the invention. 

1. A lithographic projection apparatus comprising: an illuminator arranged to condition a beam of radiation; a support structure configured to hold a patterning device, the patterning device capable of imparting a pattern to the beam; a substrate table configured to hold a substrate; a projection system arranged to project the patterned beam onto a target portion of the substrate; and a liquid supply system configured to provide a liquid to a space between the projection system and the substrate, the liquid being an aqueous solution having a pH of less than or equal to 6.5 in the lithographic projection apparatus prior to exit from an outlet into the space to contact with the projection system and/or the substrate in the space.
 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid supply system comprises a liquid source comprising the liquid.
 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises an anti-reflective topcoat solution.
 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises one or more fluoroalkylsulfonic acids, a salt thereof, or both.
 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid supply system comprises a liquid removal device configured to remove the liquid from a surface of the substrate and to leave on the surface of the substrate a film of the liquid.
 6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the film has a thickness of 1 μm or less.
 7. An apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a controller configured to control the thickness of the film which remains on the substrate after liquid removal.
 8. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid supply system comprises: a seal member extending along at least a part of the boundary of the space between the projection system and the substrate; and a gas seal device configured to form a gas seal between the seal member and a surface of the substrate.
 9. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the gas seal device comprises a gas inlet and a gas outlet formed in the face of a part that opposes the substrate, the gas inlet configured to supply gas and the gas outlet configured to extract gas.
 10. An apparatus according to claim 9, comprising a gas source configured to supply gas under pressure to the gas inlet and a low pressure source configured to extract gas from the gas outlet.
 11. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the gas outlet comprises a liquid removal device configured to remove the liquid from a surface of the substrate and to leave on the surface of the substrate a film of the liquid.
 12. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid supply system comprises: an outlet configured to supply liquid to the space between the projection system and the substrate; and an inlet configured to remove liquid from the space between the projection system and the substrate.
 13. An apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the one inlet comprises a liquid removal device configured to remove the liquid from a surface of the substrate and to leave on the surface of the substrate a film of the liquid.
 14. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said aqueous solution comprises at least 90 wt % water.
 15. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said aqueous solution comprises at least 95 wt % water.
 16. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said aqueous solution comprises at least 99 wt % water.
 17. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said pH is 6 or less.
 18. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said pH is 5 or less.
 19. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said beam of radiation has a wavelength of 193 nm or 248 nm.
 20. An apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said pH is less than
 6. 21. An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein said aqueous solution comprises at least 99 wt % water.
 22. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a liquid confinement structure extending along at least a part of a boundary of a space between the projection system and the substrate table, the space having a cross-sectional area smaller than the area of the substrate, the liquid confinement structure positioned adjacent a final surface of the projection system and comprising: a first inlet to supply liquid, through which the patterned beam is to be projected, to the space, a first outlet to remove liquid after the liquid has passed under the projection system, and a second inlet formed in a face of the structure, the face arranged to oppose a surface of the substrate, and located radially outward, with respect to an optical axis of the projection system, of the space to supply gas.
 23. A device manufacturing method comprising: supplying a liquid onto a radiation-sensitive resist on a substrate, the liquid comprising an aqueous solution having a pH of less than or equal to 6.5 just prior to exit from an outlet onto the substrate to contact with the substrate; and projecting a patterned beam of radiation, through the liquid onto a target portion of the radiation-sensitive resist on the substrate.
 24. A device manufacturing method, according to claim 23, wherein the liquid comprises an anti-reflective topcoat solution.
 25. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, wherein the liquid comprises one or more fluoroalkylsulfonic acids, a salt thereof, or both.
 26. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, comprising removing the liquid from a surface of the substrate and leaving on the surface of the substrate a film of the liquid.
 27. A device manufacturing method according to claim 26, wherein the film has a thickness of 1 μm or less.
 28. A device manufacturing method according to claim 26, comprising controlling the thickness of the film which remains on the substrate after liquid removal.
 29. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, comprising: containing the liquid in a space between the projection system used for projecting the patterned beam and the substrate using a seal member extending along at least a part of the boundary of the space; and forming a gas seal between the seal member and a surface of the substrate.
 30. A device manufacturing method according to claim 29, comprising forming the gas seal by supplying gas and extracting gas from a surface of the seal member that opposes the substrate.
 31. A device manufacturing method according to claim 30, wherein extracting gas comprises removing the liquid from a surface of the substrate and leaving on the surface of the substrate a film of the liquid.
 32. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, comprising: supplying liquid to a space between a projection system used for projecting the patterned beam and the substrate; and removing liquid from the space between the projection system and the substrate.
 33. A device manufacturing method according to claim 32, wherein removing liquid comprises removing the liquid from a surface of the substrate and leaving on the surface of the substrate a film of the liquid.
 34. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, wherein said aqueous solution comprises at least 90 wt % water.
 35. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, wherein said aqueous solution comprises at least 95 wt % water.
 36. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, wherein said aqueous solution comprises at least 99 wt % water.
 37. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, wherein said pH is 6 or less.
 38. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, wherein said pH is 5 or less.
 39. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, wherein said beam of radiation has a wavelength of 193 nm or 248 nm.
 40. A device manufacturing method according to claim 39, wherein said pH is 6 or less.
 41. A device manufacturing method according to claim 40, wherein said aqueous solution comprises at least 99 wt % water.
 42. A device manufacturing method according to claim 23, further comprising: supplying the aqueous solution to a space between a projection system and a substrate through a first inlet of a liquid confinement structure, the liquid confinement structure extending along at least a part of a boundary of the space, the space having a cross-sectional area smaller than the area of the substrate, the liquid confinement structure positioned adjacent a final surface of the projection system; removing the aqueous solution after it has passed under the projection system using an outlet of the liquid confinement structure; and supplying a gas through a second inlet formed in a face of the liquid confinement structure, the face arranged to oppose a surface of the substrate, the second inlet located radially outward, with respect to an optical axis of the projection system, of the space.
 43. A device manufacturing method, comprising: adding an acid to a liquid to form an acidified liquid prior to exit from an outlet into a space between a projection system and a substrate, to contact with the projection system and/or the substrate; feeding the acidified liquid to the space; and projecting a patterned beam of radiation, through the projection system and the acidified liquid, onto a target portion of radiation-sensitive resist on the substrate.
 44. A device manufacturing method according to claim 43, wherein the patterned beam of radiation has a wavelength of 193 nm or 248 nm.
 45. A device manufacturing method according to claim 43, wherein the acidified liquid has a pH of 6 or less.
 46. A device manufacturing method according to claim 43, wherein the acidified liquid has a pH of 5 or less.
 47. A device manufacturing method according to claim 43, wherein the acidified liquid comprises at least 99 wt % water.
 48. A device manufacturing method according to claim 43, wherein: the acidified liquid has a pH of 6 or less; the acidified liquid comprises at least 99 wt % water; and the patterned beam of radiation has a wavelength of 193 nm.
 49. A device manufacturing method according to claim 43, further comprising: feeding the acidified liquid to the space through a first inlet of a liquid confinement structure, the liquid confinement structure extending along at least a part of a boundary of the space, the space having a cross-sectional area smaller than the area of the substrate, the liquid confinement structure positioned adjacent a final surface of the projection system; removing the acidified liquid after it has passed under the projection system using an outlet of the liquid confinement structure; and supplying a gas through a second inlet formed in a face of the liquid confinement structure, the face arranged to oppose a surface of the substrate, the second inlet located radially outward, with respect to an optical axis of the projection system, of the space. 